순수한 물(H2O)은 부도체이며, 전압을 인가해도 전류가 흐르지 않습니다.
그러나 일반적인 물은 불순물이 녹아 있어서 일정한 전류의 흐름을 허용 합니다.
순수한 물에 이온화 된 전자를 녹여 수용액 형태를 만들고, 전극의 전압을 높여가면 전류의 흐름을 관찰 할 수 있습니다.
특히 인가하는 전압이 직류 일때, +극에서는 산소가 , -극에서는 수소가 발생합니다.
그런데 이러한 변화를 일으키기위한, 최소한의 전압이 존재 합니다.

또한 전압을 점차적으로 높여 공급하면, 흐르는 전류량이 증가하면서, 발생되는 기체의 량이 증가합니다.
그런데 필요이상의 전압을 공급하면, 전류의 제곱과 수용액의 저항을 곱한 량 만큼의 전력이 손실이 됩니다.
이러한 손실 전력은, 수용액의 온도를 높이는데 기여하는 에너지가 됩니다. 즉 전기분해 효율이 낮아집니다.

전기에너지를 이용하여 물을 전기분해 하고자 할때의 목적은 기체를 얻고자 하는 것 입니다.
즉 공급된 전기에너지와 비례하는 수소, 산소를 얻기 위하여, 최적의 설계를 하여야 하는데, 전극간의 거리를 줄이는 설계가 필요 합니다.
이유는 수용액의 저항 값을 줄이기 위한 것 입니다.
그러나 양극판이 서로 근접하여, 발생되는 기체를 한곳에 모으기 위한 통로를 방해 해서는 곤란 합니다.

위와 같이 최소한의 간극을 유지 했다고 하더라도, 극판의 넓이가 큰 전극의 설계를 필요로 합니다.
왜냐하면 극판에서, 기체가 형성되면서, 전해액과 극판의 접촉면적을 줄여서, 극판간의 저항값이 증가하기 때문 입니다.

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