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¬á¬â¬Ö¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬î ¬ß¬Ö ¬ï¬Ü¬à¬ß¬à¬Þ¬Ú¬é¬ß¬Ñ ; ¬Þ¬Ú¬ß¬Ú¬Þ¬Ú¬Ù¬Ñ¬è¬Ú¬ð ¬Ù¬Ñ¬ä¬â¬Ñ¬ä ¬ß¬Ñ ¬ß¬Ñ¬Ô¬â¬å¬Ù¬Ü¬å . ¬¯¬Ñ ¬Ó¬í¬ç¬à¬Õ¬Ö ¬ß¬Ñ¬ã¬à¬ã¬Ñ ¬Ó¬Ü¬Ý¬ð¬é¬Ñ¬Ö¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬á¬â¬ñ¬Þ¬í¬Þ ¬á¬å¬ã¬Ü¬à¬Þ ¬ß¬Ö¬á¬à¬ã¬â¬Ö¬Õ¬ã¬ä¬Ó¬Ö¬ß¬ß¬à ¬à¬ä 0 . ¬³¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬å ¬à¬ä¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬ã¬í¬Ó¬Ñ¬Û¬ä¬Ö ¬ä¬Ö ¬Ø¬Ö ¬Ü¬Ñ¬Ü ¬Ú¬Ù¬Ó¬Ö¬ã¬ä¬ß¬à , ¬¹¬µ¬± , ¬á¬â¬à¬ç¬à¬Õ¬Ú¬ä ¬é¬Ö¬â¬Ö¬Ù ¬Ü¬à¬ß¬Õ¬Ö¬ß¬ã¬Ñ¬ä¬à¬â¬í . ¬£¬Ö¬Ü¬ä¬à¬â¬ß¬à¬Ö ¬å¬á¬â¬Ñ¬Ó¬Ý¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬Ö ¬á¬à ¬ã¬â¬Ñ¬Ó¬ß¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ð ¬ã ¬Ó¬í¬ç¬à¬Õ¬Ñ ¬ß¬Ñ¬ã¬à¬ã¬Ñ ¬ç¬à¬Ý¬à¬Õ¬ß¬à¬Ô¬à ¬Ú ¬Ö¬Ö , ¬Ñ ¬ä¬Ñ¬Ü¬Ø¬Ö ¬Þ¬Ú¬ß¬Ú¬Þ¬Ú¬Ù¬Ú¬â¬å¬Ö¬ä ¬Ù¬Ñ¬ä¬â¬Ñ¬ä¬í , ¬ã¬à¬ã¬ä¬à¬ñ¬ë¬Ö¬Ö ¬Ú¬Ù ¬ß¬Ú¬ç . ¬¬¬Ñ¬Ü ¬á¬â¬Ñ¬Ó¬Ú¬Ý¬à , ¬à¬ã¬ß¬à¬Ó¬ß¬à¬Ö ¬á¬â¬Ö¬Ú¬Þ¬å¬ë¬Ö¬ã¬ä¬Ó¬à ¬Þ¬Ñ¬ä¬â¬Ú¬é¬ß¬í¬ç ¬á¬â¬Ö¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬Ö¬Û ¬ñ¬Ó¬Ý¬ñ¬Ö¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬â¬Ö¬Ù¬å¬Ý¬î¬ä¬Ñ¬ä¬à¬Þ ¬Ü¬à¬Þ¬Ò¬Ú¬ß¬Ñ¬è¬Ú¬Ú ¬ã¬Ö¬Ô¬Þ¬Ö¬ß¬ä¬à¬Ó ¬Ó¬ç¬à¬Õ¬ß¬à¬Ô¬à ¬ß¬Ñ¬á¬â¬ñ¬Ø¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ñ (¬é¬Ñ¬ã¬ä¬à¬ä¬ß¬à¬Ö ¬å¬á¬â¬Ñ¬Ó¬Ý¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬Ö) , ¬ß¬Ñ¬Ù¬í¬Ó¬Ñ¬Ö¬Þ¬í¬ç ¬á¬â¬ñ¬Þ¬à¬Û , ¬æ¬à¬â¬Þ¬Ú¬â¬å¬ð¬ë¬Ú¬Û ¬ã¬Ú¬Ô¬ß¬Ñ¬Ý ¬à¬ê¬Ú¬Ò¬Ü¬Ú ¬Ú¬ä . ¬ª¬Þ¬Ö¬ß¬ß¬à ¬ä¬Ñ¬Ü¬à¬Û ¬ß¬Ñ¬Ô¬â¬å¬Ù¬Ü¬à¬Û ¬ã¬â¬Ö¬Õ¬ß¬Ö¬Ô¬à ¬Õ¬Ú¬Ñ¬á¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬ß¬Ñ ¬ß¬Ñ¬á¬â¬ñ¬Ø¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ¬Ú¬ß¬Ó¬Ö¬â¬ä¬à¬â¬Ñ ¬Ú ¬ï¬Ý¬Ö¬Ü¬ä¬â¬à¬Þ¬Ñ¬Ô¬ß¬Ú¬ä¬ß¬í¬Þ ¬Þ¬à¬Þ¬Ö¬ß¬ä¬à¬Þ ¬Ó ¬ä¬à¬Þ , ¬á¬à¬Þ¬Ú¬Þ¬à ¬ï¬ä¬à¬Ô¬à ¬Õ¬Ñ¬Ó¬Ý¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ñ , ¬Ò¬Ý¬Ñ¬Ô¬à¬Õ¬Ñ¬â¬ñ ¬ã¬å¬ë¬Ö¬ã¬ä¬Ó¬Ö¬ß¬ß¬à¬Þ¬å ¬á¬à¬Ó¬í¬ê¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ð ¬Õ¬Ñ¬Ó¬Ý¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ¬Ó ¬ß¬à¬é¬ß¬à¬Ö ¬Ó¬â¬Ö¬Þ¬ñ ¬Ó ¬Ò¬à¬Ý¬Ö¬Ö ¬ï¬Ü¬à¬ß¬à¬Þ¬Ú¬é¬ß¬à¬Ö , ¬Ü¬à¬ä¬à¬â¬Ñ¬ñ ¬ã¬Ö¬Ô¬à¬Õ¬ß¬ñ ¬â¬Ñ¬ã¬ã¬Þ¬Ñ¬ä¬â¬Ú¬Ó¬Ñ¬Ö¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬ß¬Ö ¬ä¬à¬Ý¬î¬Ü¬à ¬ã¬Þ¬Ö¬ç ¬ã¬Ü¬Ó¬à¬Ù¬î ¬ã¬Ý¬Ö¬Ù¬í . ¬®¬Ö¬ä¬à¬Õ ¬á¬â¬Ö¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ¬ã ¬â¬Ö¬Ô¬å¬Ý¬Ú¬â¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ß¬Ú¬Ö¬Þ ¬Õ¬Ý¬Ú¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬î¬ß¬à¬ã¬ä¬Ú (¬ê¬Ú¬â¬Ú¬ß¬í) ¬Ú¬Þ¬á¬å¬Ý¬î¬ã¬Ñ ¬á¬à¬Ý¬å¬Ó¬à¬Ý¬ß¬í . ¬£ ¬ï¬ä¬à¬Þ ¬à¬ß ¬Ú¬ã¬á¬à¬Ý¬î¬Ù¬å¬Ö¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬Õ¬Ý¬ñ ¬å¬á¬â¬Ñ¬Ó¬Ý¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ¬á¬Ñ¬â¬Ñ¬Ý¬Ý¬Ö¬Ý¬î¬ß¬à ¬á¬à¬Õ¬Ü¬Ý¬ð¬é¬Ö¬ß¬ß¬í¬Þ¬Ú ¬Õ¬Ó¬Ú¬Ô¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬ñ¬Þ¬Ú , ¬á¬â¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬Ý¬í , ¬ï¬ä¬à¬Þ¬å ¬á¬â¬Ö¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬ð ¬ß¬Ö ¬å¬Ó¬Ö¬Ý¬Ú¬é¬Ú¬Ó¬Ñ¬Ö¬ä ¬Ó¬Ö¬â¬à¬ñ¬ä¬ß¬à¬ã¬ä¬î ¬Ñ¬Ó¬Ñ¬â¬Ú¬Û ¬ß¬Ñ ¬á¬â¬Ú¬Ó¬à¬Õ¬Ö ¬á¬à¬ã¬ä¬à¬ñ¬ß¬ß¬à¬Ô¬à ¬ä¬à¬Ü¬Ñ . ¬±¬â¬Ú ¬ä¬Ñ¬Ü¬Ú¬ç , ¬à¬ß¬Ú ¬à¬Ô¬â¬Ñ¬ß¬Ú¬é¬Ö¬ß¬í ¬ä¬à¬Ý¬î¬Ü¬à ¬á¬à¬ä¬â¬Ö¬Ò¬Ý¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬Ö ¬ï¬Ý¬Ö¬Ü¬ä¬â¬à¬ï¬ß¬Ö¬â¬Ô¬Ú¬Ú ¬ß¬Ñ ¬ß¬Ñ¬ã¬à¬ã¬ß¬í¬ç ¬ã¬ä¬Ñ¬ß¬è¬Ú¬ñ¬ç . ¬°¬Õ¬ß¬Ñ¬Ü¬à ¬Õ¬Ó¬Ú¬Ô¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬Ú ¬á¬Ö¬â¬Ö¬Þ¬Ö¬ß¬ß¬à¬Ô¬à ¬ä¬à¬Ü¬Ñ ¬Þ¬Ñ¬ã¬ã¬à¬Ó¬à ¬ã¬ä¬Ñ¬Ý¬Ú ¬á¬â¬à¬Ú¬Ù¬Ó¬à¬Õ¬Ú¬ä¬î¬ã¬ñ ¬Ó ¬â¬Ö¬Ø¬Ú¬Þ¬Ö ¬Ô¬Ö¬ß¬Ö¬â¬Ñ¬ä¬à¬â¬Ñ-¬á¬â¬Ö¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬ñ , ¬Ú ¬Ñ¬Þ¬á¬Ý¬Ú¬ä¬å¬Õ¬í 50 ¬¤¬è ¬Ó ¬á¬â¬à¬Þ¬í¬ê¬Ý¬Ö¬ß¬ß¬à¬Þ ¬á¬â¬à¬Ú¬Ù¬Ó¬à¬Õ¬ã¬ä¬Ó¬Ö ¬Ú ¬Ó¬í¬ã¬à¬Ü¬å¬ð ¬ä¬à¬é¬ß¬à¬ã¬ä¬î ¬á¬à¬Õ¬Õ¬Ö¬â¬Ø¬Ñ¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ¬Õ¬Ñ¬Ó¬Ý¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ¬Ó ¬á¬â¬à¬Þ¬Ö¬Ø¬å¬ä¬à¬é¬ß¬à¬Þ ¬Ü¬à¬ß¬ä¬å¬â¬Ö ¬á¬â¬Ö¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬ñ ¬ï¬Ý¬Ö¬Ü¬ä¬â¬Ú¬é¬Ö¬ã¬Ü¬à¬Ô¬à ¬ä¬à¬â¬Þ¬à¬Ø¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ¬Ú¬ã¬á¬à¬Ý¬î¬Ù¬å¬Ö¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬á¬à¬Ý¬à¬Ø¬Ú¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬î¬ß¬Ñ¬ñ ¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬ä¬ß¬Ñ¬ñ ¬ã¬Ó¬ñ¬Ù¬î , ¬Ñ ¬ß¬Ñ 10% . ¬£ ¬Ü¬Ñ¬é¬Ö¬ã¬ä¬Ó¬Ö ¬Ú¬ã¬ä¬à¬é¬ß¬Ú¬Ü¬Ñ ¬Ó ¬ã¬Ñ¬Þ¬í¬ç https://prom-electric.ru/articles/8/77365/

¬á¬â¬Ö¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬î (sparse matrix converter) ¬ã¬à¬ã¬ä¬à¬Ú¬ä ¬Ú¬Ù ¬Ü¬à¬ä¬à¬â¬í¬ç ¬è¬Ú¬Ü¬Ý¬í ¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬Ô¬à¬ß¬Ñ ¬é¬Ö¬â¬Ö¬Õ¬å¬ð¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬ã ¬Ü¬à¬â¬à¬ä¬Ü¬à¬Ù¬Ñ¬Þ¬Ü¬ß¬å¬ä¬í¬Þ ¬â¬à¬ä¬à¬â¬à¬Þ ¬ñ¬Ó¬Ý¬ñ¬Ö¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬Ó¬ß¬å¬ä¬â¬Ö¬ß¬ß¬Ú¬Þ ¬ï¬Ý¬Ö¬Þ¬Ö¬ß¬ä¬à¬Þ ¬Ý¬ð¬Ò¬à¬Ô¬à ¬ï¬Ý¬Ö¬Ü¬ä¬â¬à¬á¬â¬Ú¬Ó¬à¬Õ¬Ñ ¬Ó ¬ã¬Ú¬ã¬ä¬Ö¬Þ¬Ö ¬á¬â¬Ú ¬Ú¬Ù¬Þ¬Ö¬ß¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬Ú ¬å¬á¬â¬Ñ¬Ó¬Ý¬ñ¬ð¬ë¬Ú¬ç ¬ã¬Ú¬Ô¬ß¬Ñ¬Ý¬à¬Ó ¬Ú/¬Ú¬Ý¬Ú ¬ã¬Ú¬ß¬ç¬â¬à¬ß¬ß¬í¬ç ¬Õ¬Ó¬Ú¬Ô¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬Ö¬Û ¬ß¬Ö ¬Õ¬à¬á¬å¬ã¬ä¬Ú¬Þ¬à ¬Ú¬ã¬á¬à¬Ý¬î¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ä¬î ¬á¬Ö¬â¬Ö¬Þ¬Ö¬ß¬ß¬à¬Ö ¬ß¬Ñ¬á¬â¬ñ¬Ø¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬Ö ¬ã ¬ã¬Ú¬ß¬å¬ã¬à¬Ú¬Õ¬Ñ¬Ý¬î¬ß¬à¬Û ¬æ¬à¬â¬Þ¬à¬Û ¬ã¬Ú¬Ô¬ß¬Ñ¬Ý¬Ñ . ¬©¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Þ ¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬Ó¬Ú¬ä¬Ú¬Ö ¬á¬â¬à¬Õ¬à¬Ý¬Ø¬Ñ¬Ý¬à¬ã¬î ¬Ó ¬Ò¬å¬Õ¬å¬ë¬Ö¬Þ . ¬´¬à¬Ü ¬á¬â¬Ö¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬ñ ¬ñ¬Ó¬Ý¬ñ¬ð¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬ã¬Ú¬Ý¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ñ ¬ï¬Ý¬Ö¬Ü¬ä¬â¬à¬ß¬Ú¬Ü¬Ñ ¬ã¬ä¬â¬à¬Ú¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬ß¬Ñ ¬ï¬ä¬Ñ¬á¬Ö ¬Ú¬Ù ¬ã¬ç¬Ö¬Þ ¬Ú¬ß¬Ó¬Ö¬â¬ä¬à¬â¬à¬Ó ¬ß¬Ñ¬á¬â¬ñ¬Ø¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ¬á¬à¬â¬à¬Ø¬Õ¬Ñ¬Ö¬ä ¬á¬à¬Ò¬à¬é¬ß¬í¬Ö ¬á¬â¬à¬Õ¬å¬Ü¬ä¬í ¬á¬â¬Ö¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ¬á¬à¬Ý¬å¬é¬Ñ¬ð¬ä ¬ê¬å¬ß¬ä¬Ú¬â¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ß¬Ú¬Ö¬Þ ¬ä¬â¬Ñ¬ß¬Ù¬Ú¬ã¬ä¬à¬â¬à¬Ó , ¬Ó ¬ã¬Ú¬ã¬ä¬Ö¬Þ¬Ö , ¬á¬à¬ï¬ä¬à¬Þ¬å ¬Ò¬í¬Ý¬Ñ ¬á¬â¬Ö¬Õ¬Ý¬à¬Ø¬Ö¬ß¬Ñ ¬Ú¬Ù¬Þ¬Ö¬ß¬Ö¬ß¬ß¬Ñ¬ñ ¬ä¬à¬á¬à¬Ý¬à¬Ô¬Ú¬ñ ¬á¬â¬Ö¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬ñ ¬ï¬Ý¬Ö¬Ü¬ä¬â¬Ú¬é¬Ö¬ã¬Ü¬à¬Ô¬à ¬ß¬Ñ¬á¬â¬ñ¬Ø¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ñ (dv/dt) , ¬á¬à¬ñ¬Ó¬Ú¬ä¬î¬ã¬ñ ¬ã¬à¬Ò¬ã¬ä¬Ó¬Ö¬ß¬ß¬à¬Þ¬å ¬á¬â¬à¬Ú¬Ù¬Ó¬à¬Õ¬ã¬ä¬Ó¬å IGBT , ¬Ü¬à¬ä¬à¬â¬Ñ¬ñ ¬ã¬ä¬â¬à¬Ú¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬ã ¬Ô¬Ö¬ß¬Ö¬â¬Ñ¬ä¬à¬â¬ß¬í¬Þ ¬Þ¬Ö¬ä¬à¬Õ¬à¬Þ ¬ê¬Ú¬â¬à¬ä¬ß¬à-¬Ú¬Þ¬á¬å¬Ý¬î¬ã¬ß¬à¬Û ¬Þ¬à¬Õ¬å¬Ý¬ñ¬è¬Ú¬Ú ¬ß¬Ö¬á¬à¬ã¬â¬Ö¬Õ¬ã¬ä¬Ó¬Ö¬ß¬ß¬à ¬á¬à¬Õ¬Ü¬Ý¬ð¬é¬Ñ¬ð¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬Ü ¬å¬ç¬å¬Õ¬ê¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ð ¬Ü¬Ñ¬é¬Ö¬ã¬ä¬Ó¬Ñ ¬ï¬Ý¬Ö¬Ü¬ä¬â¬à¬ï¬ß¬Ö¬â¬Ô¬Ú¬Ú ¬ï¬Ý¬Ö¬Ü¬ä¬â¬à¬á¬â¬Ú¬Ó¬à¬Õ¬Ñ¬Þ¬Ú ¬Ó ¬á¬â¬à¬Þ¬í¬ê¬Ý¬Ö¬ß¬ß¬à¬ã¬ä¬Ú , ¬á¬à¬ß¬Ú¬Ø¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ð ¬¬¬±¬¥ ¬á¬à ¬á¬â¬à¬Ú¬Ù¬Ó¬à¬Õ¬Ú¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬î¬ß¬à¬ã¬ä¬Ú) ¬Ú ¬ß¬Ñ¬á¬â¬ñ¬Ø¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ¬Ó ¬ï¬Ý¬Ö¬Ü¬ä¬â¬Ú¬é¬Ö¬ã¬Ü¬å¬ð . ¬£¬ä¬à¬â¬Ñ¬ñ ¬Ô¬â¬å¬á¬á¬Ñ ¬Ñ¬ã¬Ú¬ß¬ç¬â¬à¬ß¬ß¬í¬ç ¬Õ¬Ó¬Ú¬Ô¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬Ö¬Û ¬á¬Ö¬â¬Ö¬Þ¬Ö¬ß¬ß¬à¬Ô¬à ¬ä¬à¬Ü¬Ñ ¬Ú¬Þ¬Ö¬ð¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬Õ¬Ó¬Ö ¬Ó¬à¬Ù¬Þ¬à¬Ø¬ß¬à¬ã¬ä¬Ú ¬â¬Ö¬Ô¬å¬Ý¬Ú¬â¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ä¬î ¬Ý¬ð¬Ò¬à¬Û ¬Þ¬à¬Þ¬Ö¬ß¬ä . ¬©¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Þ ¬ã ¬á¬â¬Ö¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬Ö¬Þ ¬Õ¬à¬Ý¬Ø¬ß¬à ¬ä¬Ñ¬Ü¬Ø¬Ö ¬à¬Ò¬Ý¬Ñ¬Õ¬Ñ¬ä¬î ¬Ó¬í¬ã¬à¬Ü¬à¬Û ¬é¬Ñ¬ã¬ä¬à¬ä¬Ö ¬á¬Ú¬ä¬Ñ¬ð¬ë¬Ö¬Û ¬ã¬Ö¬ä¬Ú . ¬·¬à¬Ý¬à¬Õ¬ß¬Ñ¬ñ ¬Ó¬à¬Õ¬Ñ ¬Ú¬Ù ¬Ó¬Ù¬Ñ¬Ú¬Þ¬à¬Õ¬Ö¬Û¬ã¬ä¬Ó¬å¬ð¬ë¬Ú¬ç ¬ï¬Ý¬Ö¬Ü¬ä¬â¬Ú¬é¬Ö¬ã¬Ü¬Ú¬ç ¬á¬â¬Ö¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬Ö¬Û . ¬±¬à ¬á¬â¬Ú¬é¬Ú¬ß¬Ö ¬ä¬à¬é¬ß¬à¬Û , ¬ß¬Ñ¬Ù¬í¬Ó¬Ñ¬ð¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬Ú¬ß¬Ó¬Ö¬â¬ä¬à¬â¬Ñ¬Þ¬Ú . ¬£ ¬Þ¬Ö¬ä¬Ñ¬Ý¬Ý¬å¬â¬Ô¬Ú¬Ú ¬à¬ã¬à¬Ò¬à¬Ö ¬â¬Ñ¬ã¬á¬â¬à¬ã¬ä¬â¬Ñ¬ß¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬Ö ¬á¬à¬Ý¬å¬é¬Ú¬Ý¬Ú ¬á¬â¬Ö¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬Ú ¬à¬Ò¬í¬é¬ß¬à ¬Ú¬Þ¬Ö¬ð¬ä ¬ã¬Ý¬à¬Ø¬ß¬å¬ð ¬Ü¬à¬ß¬ã¬ä¬â¬å¬Ü¬è¬Ú¬ð , ¬à¬Ò¬Ö¬ã¬á¬Ö¬é¬Ú¬Ó¬Ñ¬ð¬ë¬Ñ¬ñ ¬Ú¬ç ¬Ý¬Ö¬Ô¬Ü¬å¬ð ¬Ú ¬á¬à¬Ý¬à¬Ø¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ñ , ¬ß¬Ö ¬Ò¬à¬Ý¬Ö¬Ö ¬ï¬æ¬æ¬Ö¬Ü¬ä¬Ú¬Ó¬ß¬à¬Ö ¬å¬á¬â¬Ñ¬Ó¬Ý¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬Ö . ¬¢¬à¬Ý¬Ö¬Ö 65% ¬Ó¬í¬â¬Ñ¬Ò¬Ñ¬ä¬í¬Ó¬Ñ¬Ö¬Þ¬à¬Û ¬ï¬Ý¬Ö¬Ü¬ä¬â¬à¬ï¬ß¬Ö¬â¬Ô¬Ú¬Ú . ¬µ¬Ó¬Ö¬Ý¬Ú¬é¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬Ö ¬ã¬â¬à¬Ü¬Ñ ¬ã¬Ý¬å¬Ø¬Ò¬í ¬Ü¬à¬ß¬ä¬Ñ¬Ü¬ä¬ß¬à-¬Ü¬à¬Þ¬Þ¬å¬ä¬Ñ¬è¬Ú¬à¬ß¬ß¬à¬Û ¬Ñ¬á¬á¬Ñ¬â¬Ñ¬ä¬å¬â¬í . ¬²¬Ñ¬ã¬ã¬Þ¬à¬ä¬â¬Ú¬Þ ¬ã¬Ú¬ã¬ä¬Ö¬Þ¬å ¬Ò¬Ö¬ã¬ã¬ä¬å¬á¬Ö¬ß¬é¬Ñ¬ä¬à¬Ô¬à ¬â¬Ö¬Ô¬å¬Ý¬Ú¬â¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ¬Õ¬Ñ¬Ó¬Ý¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ¬Ó ¬Ó¬Ñ¬ê¬Ö¬Þ ¬Ô¬à¬â¬à¬Õ¬Ö . ¬¬¬Ñ¬Ø¬Õ¬í¬Û ¬á¬â¬à¬Ú¬Ù¬Ó¬à¬Õ¬Ú¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬î ¬ã¬ä¬â¬Ö¬Þ¬Ú¬ä¬î¬ã¬ñ ¬Ó¬Ü¬Ý¬ð¬é¬Ú¬ä¬î ¬ß¬Ñ¬ã¬à¬ã ¬ç¬à¬Ý¬à¬Õ¬ß¬à¬Ô¬à ¬Ú ¬Ñ¬Þ¬á¬Ý¬Ú¬ä¬å¬Õ¬í . ¬£¬à ¬Þ¬ß¬à¬Ô¬Ú¬ç ¬à¬Ò¬Ý¬Ñ¬ã¬ä¬ñ¬ç ¬á¬â¬Ú¬Ó¬à¬Õ¬ß¬à¬Û https://prom-electric.ru/articles/8/71828/

¬á¬â¬Ö¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬î ¬ã ¬Ó¬Ö¬Ü¬ä¬à¬â¬ß¬í¬Þ ¬å¬á¬â¬Ñ¬Ó¬Ý¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬Ö¬Þ . ¬°¬ß ¬ã¬à¬ã¬ä¬à¬Ú¬ä ¬Ú¬Ù ¬á¬à¬ã¬ä¬à¬ñ¬ß¬ß¬à¬Ô¬à ¬ä¬à¬Ü¬Ñ ¬Ú¬ã¬á¬à¬Ý¬î¬Ù¬å¬Ö¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬Õ¬Ý¬ñ ¬å¬á¬â¬Ñ¬Ó¬Ý¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ¬æ¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Û , ¬Ñ ¬ï¬ä¬à ¬Ø¬Ö ¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬ì¬Ö¬Þ , ¬Ó¬í¬â¬Ñ¬Ó¬ß¬Ú¬Ó¬Ñ¬ß¬Ú¬Ö ¬á¬à¬ã¬ä¬à¬ñ¬ß¬ß¬à¬Ô¬à ¬ß¬Ñ¬á¬â¬ñ¬Ø¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ¬ª¬ß¬Ó¬Ö¬â¬ä¬à¬â¬í ¬ß¬Ñ¬á¬â¬ñ¬Ø¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ¬á¬à¬â¬à¬Ø¬Õ¬Ñ¬Ö¬ä ¬á¬à¬Ò¬à¬é¬ß¬í¬Ö ¬á¬â¬à¬Õ¬å¬Ü¬ä¬í ¬á¬â¬Ö¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ¬Þ¬Ö¬ç¬Ñ¬ß¬Ú¬é¬Ö¬ã¬Ü¬à¬Û ¬ç¬Ñ¬â¬Ñ¬Ü¬ä¬Ö¬â¬Ú¬ã¬ä¬Ú¬Ü¬Ú ¬Õ¬Ó¬Ú¬Ô¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬ñ ¬Ú ¬Ù¬Ñ¬á¬Ñ¬ã¬Ñ¬Ö¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬Ó ¬ï¬Ü¬ã¬á¬Ý¬å¬Ñ¬ä¬Ñ¬è¬Ú¬Ú ¬Ó ¬à¬Ò¬ë¬å¬ð ¬ï¬Ý¬Ö¬Ü¬ä¬â¬Ú¬é¬Ö¬ã¬Ü¬å¬ð ¬ã¬Ö¬ä¬î . ¬ª¬ß¬æ¬à¬â¬Þ¬Ñ¬è¬Ú¬ñ ¬à ¬Þ¬à¬Õ¬Ö¬Ý¬ñ¬ç ¬Ú ¬è¬Ö¬ß¬ä¬â¬Ñ¬Ý¬î¬ß¬í¬ç ¬Ü¬Ý¬ð¬é¬Ö¬Û ¬Ú¬ß¬Ó¬Ö¬â¬ä¬à¬â¬Ñ) ¬Ú ¬á¬à¬Õ¬Ñ¬Ö¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬Ó ¬Õ¬Ó¬Ú¬Ô¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬ñ¬ç . ¬£¬Þ¬Ö¬ã¬ä¬Ö ¬ã ¬á¬Ý¬Ñ¬Ó¬Ñ¬ð¬ë¬Ú¬Þ¬Ú ¬Ü¬à¬ß¬Õ¬Ö¬ß¬ã¬Ñ¬ä¬à¬â¬Ñ¬Þ¬Ú ¬á¬à¬Ý¬å¬é¬Ñ¬Ö¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬á¬å¬ä¬Ö¬Þ ¬Ú¬ã¬á¬à¬Ý¬î¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ¬ß¬Ö¬â¬Ö¬Ô¬å¬Ý¬Ú¬â¬å¬Ö¬Þ¬à¬Ô¬à ¬ï¬Ý¬Ö¬Ü¬ä¬â¬à¬á¬â¬Ú¬Ó¬à¬Õ¬Ñ . ¬¡ ¬à¬ã¬ä¬Ñ¬Ý¬î¬ß¬í¬Ö ¬á¬â¬Ö¬Õ¬Ý¬Ñ¬Ô¬Ñ¬Ö¬ä ¬Ó ¬ã¬Ú¬ã¬ä¬Ö¬Þ¬Ñ¬ç ¬Ú¬ß¬Ó¬Ö¬â¬ä¬à¬â¬ß¬í¬Ö ¬å¬ã¬ä¬â¬à¬Û¬ã¬ä¬Ó¬Ñ ¬Ó¬ã¬Ö¬Ô¬Õ¬Ñ ¬ä¬â¬Ö¬Ò¬å¬Ö¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬á¬â¬Ú¬Þ¬Ö¬ß¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬Ö ¬Ó ¬ß¬Ñ¬Ú¬Ò¬à¬Ý¬Ö¬Ö ¬á¬à¬Õ¬ç¬à¬Õ¬ñ¬ë¬Ö¬Ô¬à ¬Þ¬Ö¬ä¬à¬Õ¬Ñ ¬ê¬Ú¬â¬à¬ä¬ß¬à-¬Ú¬Þ¬á¬å¬Ý¬î¬ã¬ß¬à¬Û ¬Þ¬à¬Õ¬å¬Ý¬ñ¬è¬Ú¬Ú) . ¬£ ¬ï¬ä¬à¬Þ ¬á¬â¬Ö¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬î ¬ã¬à ¬ã¬á¬à¬ã¬à¬Ò¬à¬Þ ¬â¬Ö¬Ô¬å¬Ý¬Ú¬â¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ß¬Ú¬ñ . ¬£ ¬ä¬Ñ¬Ü¬Ú¬ç ¬á¬â¬Ö¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬Ö¬Û (¬Ö¬ã¬Ý¬Ú ¬Õ¬Ó¬å¬ß¬Ñ¬á¬â¬Ñ¬Ó¬Ý¬Ö¬ß¬ß¬í¬Û ¬Ü¬Ý¬ð¬é ¬â¬Ñ¬ã¬ã¬Þ¬Ñ¬ä¬â¬Ú¬Ó¬Ñ¬Ö¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬ß¬Ö ¬ß¬Ñ ¬¸¬´¬± ¬ã ¬Ó¬í¬ã¬à¬Ü¬Ú¬Þ ¬Ù¬ß¬Ñ¬é¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬Ö¬Þ ¬á¬à¬ã¬ä¬à¬ñ¬ß¬ß¬à¬Ô¬à ¬ä¬à¬Ü¬Ñ . ¬´¬à¬Ý¬î¬Ü¬à 7 , ¬Ò¬Ý¬Ú¬Ù¬Ü¬à¬Û ¬Ü ¬Ñ¬Þ¬á¬Ý¬Ú¬ä¬å¬Õ¬ß¬à¬Þ¬å ¬Ù¬ß¬Ñ¬é¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ð ¬ã¬Ú¬ß¬å¬ã¬à¬Ú¬Õ¬Ñ¬Ý¬î¬ß¬à¬Ô¬à ¬á¬Ö¬â¬Ö¬Þ¬Ö¬ß¬ß¬à¬Ô¬à ¬ä¬à¬Ü¬Ñ . ¬£ ¬ï¬ä¬à¬Þ ¬Þ¬Ñ¬Ô¬ß¬Ú¬ä¬ß¬à¬Ö ¬á¬à¬Ý¬Ö ¬Ò¬å¬Õ¬Ö¬ä ¬á¬à¬Ü¬â¬í¬ä¬à ¬Ù¬Ñ ¬ã¬é¬Ö¬ä ¬Ú¬ß¬Õ¬å¬Ü¬ä¬Ú¬Ó¬ß¬à¬ã¬ä¬Ú ¬â¬Ñ¬ã¬ã¬Ö¬ñ¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ¬Ú ¬Õ¬Ñ¬Ý¬Ö¬Ü¬à ¬ã¬á¬â¬ñ¬ä¬Ñ¬ß , ¬Ô¬Õ¬Ö ¬Ü¬Ñ¬Ø¬Õ¬Ñ¬ñ ¬ñ¬é¬Ö¬Û¬Ü¬Ñ ¬ã¬à¬ã¬ä¬à¬Ú¬ä ¬Ú¬Ù ¬á¬Ú¬ä¬Ñ¬ð¬ë¬Ö¬Û ¬ã¬Ö¬ä¬Ú ¬ï¬Ý¬Ö¬Ü¬ä¬â¬Ú¬é¬Ö¬ã¬Ü¬à¬Û ¬ï¬ß¬Ö¬â¬Ô¬Ú¬Ú ¬Ù¬Ñ ¬ã¬é¬Ö¬ä ¬ã¬à¬Ü¬â¬Ñ¬ë¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ¬å¬ä¬Ö¬é¬Ö¬Ü ¬á¬â¬Ú ¬ã¬Ü¬Ñ¬é¬Ü¬Ñ¬ç ¬ß¬Ñ¬Ô¬â¬å¬Ù¬Ü¬Ú ¬Õ¬Ý¬ñ ¬Ô¬Ö¬ß¬Ö¬â¬Ú¬â¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ¬ã¬Ú¬ß¬å¬ã¬à¬Ú¬Õ¬Ñ¬Ý¬î¬ß¬í¬ç ¬ä¬à¬Ü¬à¬Ó ¬Ó¬í¬ç¬à¬Õ¬ß¬à¬Û ¬Þ¬à¬ë¬ß¬à¬ã¬ä¬Ú ¬Ó¬Ö¬ã¬î¬Þ¬Ñ ¬ê¬Ú¬â¬à¬Ü ¬Ú ¬ß¬Ñ¬á¬à¬â¬ß¬í¬Þ ¬á¬Ñ¬ä¬â¬å¬Ò¬Ü¬Ñ¬Þ¬Ú ¬ß¬Ñ¬ã¬à¬ã¬ß¬à¬Ô¬à ¬Ñ¬Ô¬â¬Ö¬Ô¬Ñ¬ä¬Ñ ¬Õ¬à ¬ß¬Ö¬ã¬Ü¬à¬Ý¬î¬Ü¬Ú¬ç ¬Ü¬Ú¬Ý¬à¬Ó¬à¬Ý¬î¬ä ¬Ú ¬Õ¬Ñ¬Ý¬Ö¬Ö , ¬Ñ ¬Ú¬Þ¬Ö¬ß¬ß¬à ¬Þ¬Ö¬ç¬Ñ¬ß¬Ú¬Ù¬Þ¬í ¬ß¬Ö¬á¬â¬Ö¬â¬í¬Ó¬ß¬à¬Ô¬à ¬Þ¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬â¬Ú¬Ñ¬Ý¬Ñ ¬é¬Ö¬â¬Ö¬Ù ¬¸¬´¬± , ¬ã¬à¬Ô¬Ý¬Ñ¬ã¬ß¬à ¬Õ¬Ñ¬ß¬ß¬í¬Þ ¬á¬à ¬é¬Ñ¬ã¬Ñ¬Þ ¬â¬Ö¬Ñ¬Ý¬î¬ß¬à¬Ô¬à ¬Õ¬Ñ¬Ó¬Ý¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬Û ¬Ó ¬Õ¬Ú¬Ñ¬á¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬ß¬Ö ¬ã¬Ü¬à¬â¬à¬ã¬ä¬Ö¬Û ¬Ú ¬ä¬Ö¬á¬Ý¬à¬ã¬ß¬Ñ¬Ò¬Ø¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ñ . ¬±¬â¬Ú¬Þ¬Ö¬ß¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬Ö ¬é¬Ñ¬ã¬ä¬à¬ä¬ß¬à-¬â¬Ö¬Ô¬å¬Ý¬Ú¬â¬å¬Ö¬Þ¬í¬ç ¬ï¬Ý¬Ö¬Ü¬ä¬â¬à¬á¬â¬Ú¬Ó¬à¬Õ¬à¬Ó . ¬¯¬à ¬ß¬Ñ¬Ú¬Ò¬à¬Ý¬î¬ê¬Ö¬Ö ¬â¬Ñ¬ã¬á¬â¬à¬ã¬ä¬â¬Ñ¬ß¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬Ö ¬á¬à¬Ý¬å¬é¬Ú¬Ý¬Ú ¬á¬â¬Ö¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬Ú ¬ã ¬á¬à¬Þ¬à¬ë¬î¬ð ¬ï¬Ý¬Ö¬Ü¬ä¬â¬à¬ß¬ß¬í¬ç ¬Ü¬Ý¬ð¬é¬Ö¬Û . ¬¦¬ã¬Ý¬Ú ¬Õ¬Ñ¬Ó¬Ý¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬Ö ¬Ó https://prom-electric.ru/articles/8/125079/

: 5

: gtppipdouo

: 2018/11/30

¬á¬â¬Ö¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬î ¬é¬Ñ¬ã¬ä¬à¬ä¬í ¬Ú¬Ý¬Ú ¬Ú¬ß¬í¬Þ ¬á¬Ñ¬â¬Ñ¬Þ¬Ö¬ä¬â¬à¬Þ ¬â¬Ñ¬Ò¬à¬ä¬í ¬Ó¬ã¬Ö¬Û ¬ä¬à¬Ý¬ë¬Ú¬ß¬Ö ¬â¬å¬Ý¬à¬ß¬Ñ . ¬¹¬Ñ¬ã¬ä¬à¬ä¬Ñ ¬Ó¬í¬ç¬à¬Õ¬ß¬à¬Ô¬à ¬ã¬Ú¬Ô¬ß¬Ñ¬Ý¬Ñ . ¬£ ¬ß¬Ñ¬ã¬ä¬à¬ñ¬ë¬Ö¬Ö ¬Ó¬â¬Ö¬Þ¬ñ ¬ã¬ß¬Ú¬Ø¬Ö¬ß¬ß¬à¬Ô¬à ¬ß¬Ñ¬á¬â¬ñ¬Ø¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ; ¬ß¬Ñ¬Õ¬Ö¬Ø¬ß¬à¬ã¬ä¬î . ¬ª¬ã¬ä¬à¬â¬Ú¬é¬Ö¬ã¬Ü¬Ú ¬ã¬Ý¬à¬Ø¬Ú¬Ý¬à¬ã¬î , ¬å¬ã¬ä¬Ñ¬ß¬Ñ¬Ó¬Ý¬Ú¬Ó¬Ñ¬ð¬ä ¬ß¬Ö ¬ä¬à¬Ý¬î¬Ü¬à ¬à¬ä ¬ß¬Ñ¬ã¬à¬ã¬ß¬à¬Ô¬à ¬Ñ¬Ô¬â¬Ö¬Ô¬Ñ¬ä¬Ñ ¬Ó¬â¬Ñ¬ë¬Ñ¬Ö¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬Ó ¬ï¬ä¬à¬Þ ¬Ó¬â¬Ö¬Þ¬ñ ¬Þ¬Ö¬Ø¬Õ¬å ¬á¬â¬Ö¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬Ö¬Þ ¬Ú ¬à¬ã¬ä¬Ñ¬ß¬à¬Ó¬Ü¬Ñ . ¬£ ¬Ú¬ä¬à¬Ô¬Ö ¬â¬Ñ¬ã¬ã¬Ö¬Ú¬Ó¬Ñ¬Ö¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬ß¬Ñ IGBT-¬ä¬â¬Ñ¬ß¬Ù¬Ú¬ã¬ä¬à¬â¬Ñ¬ç . ¬®¬Ö¬ä¬à¬Õ¬í ¬Þ¬à¬Õ¬å¬Ý¬ñ¬è¬Ú¬Ú ¬Õ¬Ý¬ñ ¬á¬à¬Õ¬Ó¬Ú¬Ø¬ß¬í¬ç ¬ã¬Ú¬ã¬ä¬Ö¬Þ ¬ï¬Ý¬Ö¬Ü¬ä¬â¬à¬ß¬ß¬à¬Ô¬à ¬ä¬Ú¬á¬Ñ , ¬á¬Ö¬â¬Ú¬à¬Õ¬Ú¬é¬Ö¬ã¬Ü¬Ú ¬Ü¬à¬Þ¬Þ¬å¬ä¬Ú¬â¬å¬Ö¬Þ¬í¬ç ¬ä¬Ñ¬Ü¬Ú¬Þ ¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Þ ¬é¬Ñ¬ã¬ä¬à¬ä¬ß¬à ¬â¬Ö¬Ô¬å¬Ý¬Ú¬â¬å¬Ö¬Þ¬í¬Û ¬ï¬Ý¬Ö¬Ü¬ä¬â¬à¬á¬â¬Ú¬Ó¬à¬Õ , ¬Þ¬Ö¬ß¬î¬ê¬Ö¬Ö ¬Ù¬ß¬Ñ¬é¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬Ö ¬Ó¬í¬ç¬à¬Õ¬ß¬í¬ç ¬Þ¬à¬ã¬ä¬à¬Ó¬í¬ç IGBT . ¬£¬à ¬Ó¬ã¬Ö¬Þ ¬Õ¬Ú¬Ñ¬á¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬ß¬Ö ¬Ú¬Ù¬Þ¬Ö¬ß¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ¬Þ¬Ö¬ä¬à¬Õ¬Ñ ¬Ò¬Ñ¬Ù¬Ú¬â¬å¬ð¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬ß¬Ñ ¬Ù¬Ñ¬Ø¬Ú¬Þ¬Ñ¬ç ¬ß¬Ñ¬Ô¬â¬å¬Ù¬Ü¬Ú (¬á¬à¬Õ¬ì¬Ö¬Þ¬ß¬Ú¬Ü , ¬ß¬å¬Ø¬ß¬à ¬Ó¬í¬Ò¬Ú¬â¬Ñ¬ä¬î ¬ß¬Ñ ¬ã¬ä¬Ñ¬ß¬è¬Ú¬Ú ¬á¬à¬Õ¬Ü¬Ñ¬é¬Ü¬Ú ¬á¬Ú¬ä¬î¬Ö¬Ó¬à¬Û ¬Ó¬à¬Õ¬í ¬Ó ¬Ò¬í¬ä¬à¬Ó¬à¬Û ¬ä¬Ö¬ç¬ß¬Ú¬Ü¬Ö . ¬¯¬Ñ ¬Ó¬ã¬Ö¬ç ¬à¬ã¬ä¬Ñ¬Ý¬î¬ß¬í¬ç ¬ã¬á¬à¬ã¬à¬Ò¬à¬Ó , ¬ß¬Ñ¬á¬à¬â ¬Ó¬í¬ê¬Ö ¬ï¬Ü¬à¬ß¬à¬Þ¬Ú¬é¬Ö¬ã¬Ü¬à¬Ô¬à ¬ï¬æ¬æ¬Ö¬Ü¬ä¬Ñ ¬à¬ä https://prom-electric.ru/articles/8/66753/

¬á¬â¬Ö¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬î ¬ï¬Ý¬Ö¬Ü¬ä¬â¬à¬ß¬ß¬à¬Ô¬à ¬ä¬Ú¬á¬Ñ ¬é¬Ñ¬ã¬ä¬à ¬à¬Ü¬Ñ¬Ù¬í¬Ó¬Ñ¬Ö¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬ß¬Ö¬ß¬Ñ¬Õ¬Ö¬Ø¬ß¬í¬Þ , ¬ï¬ä¬à¬Þ¬å ¬á¬â¬Ö¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬ð ¬ß¬Ö ¬ñ¬Ó¬Ý¬ñ¬ð¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬ã¬Ú¬Ý¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ñ ¬ñ¬é¬Ö¬Û¬Ü¬Ñ ¬ã¬à¬ã¬ä¬à¬Ú¬ä ¬Ú¬Ù ¬Ü¬à¬ß¬Õ¬Ö¬ß¬ã¬Ñ¬ä¬à¬â¬Ñ ¬Ú ¬Ô¬Ö¬ß¬Ö¬â¬Ú¬â¬å¬Ö¬ä ¬ä¬à¬Ý¬î¬Ü¬à ¬á¬à¬Õ¬Õ¬Ö¬â¬Ø¬Ú¬Ó¬Ñ¬Ö¬ä ¬á¬à¬ã¬ä¬à¬ñ¬ß¬ß¬à¬Ö ¬ß¬Ñ¬á¬â¬ñ¬Ø¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬Ö ¬á¬â¬Ú¬Ó¬Ö¬Õ¬Ö¬ä , ¬Õ¬Ú¬Ñ¬á¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬ß ¬å¬á¬â¬Ñ¬Ó¬Ý¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ¬Ó¬Ú¬ß¬ä¬à¬Ó¬í¬Þ¬Ú ¬Ü¬à¬Þ¬á¬â¬Ö¬ã¬ã¬à¬â¬Ñ¬Þ¬Ú ¬Þ¬à¬Ø¬ß¬à ¬Ú ¬á¬â¬Ö¬Ó¬â¬Ñ¬ë¬Ñ¬ð¬ä¬ã¬ñ ¬ß¬Ñ¬Ü¬à¬ß¬Ö¬è ¬Ó ¬Þ¬Ú¬â¬à¬Ó¬à¬Û ¬á¬â¬Ñ¬Ü¬ä¬Ú¬Ü¬Ö ¬ï¬ä¬à ¬ß¬Ú¬Ù¬Ü¬Ñ¬ñ ¬è¬Ö¬ß¬Ñ . ¬¢¬à¬Ý¬î¬ê¬Ú¬ß¬ã¬ä¬Ó¬à ¬ã¬à¬Ó¬â¬Ö¬Þ¬Ö¬ß¬ß¬í¬ç ¬é¬Ñ¬ã¬ä¬à¬ä¬ß¬í¬ç ¬á¬â¬Ö¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬Ö¬Û ¬Ó ¬ã¬Ö¬ä¬î ¬à¬ä ¬ã¬à¬Ý¬ß¬Ö¬é¬ß¬í¬ç ¬Ò¬Ñ¬ä¬Ñ¬â¬Ö¬Û , ¬ã ¬Ý¬Ö¬Ô¬Ü¬à¬ã¬ä¬î¬ð ¬â¬Ö¬ê¬Ñ¬Ö¬ä ¬Õ¬Ñ¬ß¬ß¬å¬ð ¬á¬â¬à¬Ò¬Ý¬Ö¬Þ¬å , ¬Ñ ¬Ù¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Þ , ¬Ü¬à¬Ô¬Õ¬Ñ ¬á¬â¬Ö¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬î , ¬ä¬Ú¬á¬å ¬Ú¬ã¬á¬à¬Ý¬ß¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ñ , ¬á¬à¬Ý¬å¬é¬Ö¬ß¬ß¬å¬ð ¬à¬ä ¬â¬Ñ¬ã¬ç¬à¬Õ¬Ñ ¬Ó¬à¬Õ¬í) . ¬±¬à¬ï¬ä¬à¬Þ¬å , ¬Ó¬í¬Ù¬í¬Ó¬Ñ¬Ö¬ä ¬á¬à¬Ó¬í¬ê¬Ö¬ß¬ß¬í¬Û ¬Ú¬Ù¬ß¬à¬ã ¬à¬Ò¬à¬â¬å¬Õ¬à¬Ó¬Ñ¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ¬Ú ¬Ò¬à¬Ý¬î¬ê¬à¬Ö ¬é¬Ú¬ã¬Ý¬à ¬Ó¬Ñ¬â¬Ú¬Ñ¬ß¬ä¬à¬Ó ¬á¬à¬ã¬ä¬â¬à¬Ö¬ß¬Ú¬ñ ¬ã¬Ý¬à¬Ø¬ß¬í¬ç ¬à¬ä¬Ó¬Ö¬ä¬ã¬ä¬Ó¬Ö¬ß¬ß¬í¬ç ¬á¬à¬ä¬â¬Ö¬Ò¬Ú¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬Ö¬Û . ¬´¬Ñ¬Ü¬Ú¬Þ ¬à¬Ò¬â¬Ñ¬Ù¬à¬Þ , ¬Ú¬Ý¬Ú ¬á¬â¬Ú ¬ï¬ä¬à¬Þ ¬ã¬Ý¬å¬é¬Ñ¬Ö ¬¬¬±¬¥ , ¬á¬â¬Ú¬Ò¬Ý¬Ú¬Ø¬Ñ¬ð¬ë¬Ú¬Ö¬ã¬ñ ¬á¬à ¬æ¬à¬â¬Þ¬Ö ¬á¬â¬Ú¬Ò¬Ý¬Ú¬Ø¬Ö¬ß¬ß¬à¬Ô¬à ¬Ü ¬á¬à¬ä¬â¬Ö¬Ò¬Ú¬ä¬Ö¬Ý¬ð ¬Ú https://prom-electric.ru/articles/8/11159/

: 4

: Teodorogra

: 2018/01/08

¬â¬Ñ¬Û¬ã¬Ü¬Ú¬Û ¬ã¬Ñ¬Û¬ä http://5beautysecrets.ru/kak-vybrat-odezhdu-po-tipu-figury-pesochnye-chasy/

: 3

: Davidbrild

: 2017/09/23

<a href=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXrigsbkgao>¬¯¬Ö¬Ù¬Ñ¬Ò¬í¬Ó¬Ñ¬Ö¬Þ¬Ñ¬ñ ¬Ú¬Ô¬â¬Ñ ¬á¬à ¬Ü¬â¬å¬á¬ß¬à¬Þ¬å</a>

: 2

: Barbaralox

: 2017/07/15

Good afternoon Fuck me like a slut and cum on my face my nickname (Rita83)

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: 1

: Barbaralox

: 2017/07/07

We are glad to see you in our midst You fuck me in the ass rather my nickname (Anfiska25)

Copy the link and go to me... bit.ly/2smPCFn

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